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The components of the hard disk are very simple to understand by every one. The whole process begins with a steel case that on a side has the operating board that it contains coils, processors and many circuits, and on the other side it is written the capacity the speed and the way to use the hard disk. Inside the metal case we can find some disk and two or more mechanicals arm. The disks inside are very similar to a CD but it can be written on the both sides. The disks are rotating with the help of a small motor that can reach certain speeds. On those disks the information is written with the help of the mechanical arms that on the end of it are also connected to an engine and on the other end we can found some writing heads that perform actions on the disks. The hard disk is the main non-volatile memory component of any system that brings together a personal computer. Compound by electronically and mechanical elements the hard drive is the component that can stock all of the data from your computer in non-volatile way but in the same time the data are stocked in normal and safe conditions. The main properties of the hard disk are the access speed for the transmission of the data and the hard capacity. Just like in the RAM memory if the hard disk has a bigger capacity and it is faster the better for your computer.If you want to choose a hard disk that runs better on your computer you must first know what programs will run more often on your computer and you may consider the next example a better way to make the difference when you by a new hard disk: if you like to work with video recordings you will need a hard disk that is bigger in the stocking module or if you want to create a server files on your computer you will need a hard disk that runs in great speeds usually like the aspect of a RAID system.Another main characteristic of a hard drive is the dimension of the memory tampon (buffer). This property is always forgotten but it will need some general attention from you because it helps the hard disk to temporary record some data on your hard disk. The bigger the buffer is you will notice that the computer is faster because the data that you are trying to access can be found in that zone so the performances are greatly increase. One thing you must know before we can continue, the hard disk are the weaker components in the computer even today when it cams to searching/riding/writing that takes place on the hard disk. For better understandings of the hard drive we will take all of the main properties of the hard drive and give some information about them:- the mainframe of connection – this option depends on your type of motherboard. The hard drives can have two different interfaces like P-ATA or S-ATA. The difference between them is the speed of the data on transmission from the motherboard to the hard disk. Of course the S-ATA has a greater speed for the transmission of the data but this option is available only your motherboard can sustain it.- the capacity – this is an option that you must decide first what are you going to use your PC first.- the buffer – the buffer is usually measured in MB and it indicates the dimension of a tampon memory in witch we can find some data that where recently access. The bigger the buffer the better for your computer but this option usually makes the hard disk more expensive.- the speed – the speed of the hard drive is measured in RPM (rotation per minute)

Let’s speak about how we can find out if we have some bad sectors on our hard disk. A simple read error that appears like this “Error reading from source” should be a problem that you really need to give a special attention. This type or error can appear when you try to run a application, a video game, a movie, etc. and it means that the information that is on your hard disk is no longer accessible for the computer, this can be a part of the application and still we will get the same error. Bad sectors maybe already on our computer but now we need to find out if that problem is software or hardware. An error in the FAT system can create the reading error and the problem is not so big if we just re-write it. The serious problem appears only when you reinstall the operation system and still get the same error over and over again. In this case we must reboot and in the DOS mode we must run the application called Scandisk (Scandisk from Windows can trick us in this case and it might show us some false values) and this will check every cluster and sector on the hard disk and will indicate witch are the bad sectors, how big they are and in what partition of our hard disk exists. Another way that we can concern if we have bad blocks is if we get for no reason the all ready know blue screen (remember also when we try to run an application). Many of us don’t even think of the blue screen error that it could be from the bad sectors and only after a full scan of the computer, finds out. The free space that is indicated by the operation system can be another way to tell if we have or don’t have bad sectors. Let’s say that we have a partition of 10 gigabits and it is absolutely empty and the amount of free space, when we ask for this option, is shown that the partition has only 8.5 gigabits. In this case you must run a bad sector program over that partition to see if everything is ok. Do not get trick because of the safety space that every hard disk have. The safety hard disk is the measure of the hard disk for writing down the files. Surely every one of you knows the safety space but just didn’t know that this is its name. The safety space is the space that is not indicated by any operation program, for example: you buy a 100 gigabits hard disk and when you install it the operation system will show only 99.2 gigabits. Why? Well let’s just say that is more of technical information and is harder to explain. When you install the operation system on your computer or any other application on the computer you might get the error report that looks just like this “cant copy to source” can also indicates the apparition of some bad blocks. Know we must see if the bad sectors are in the FAT sequence or a partition. So if you don’t have any kind of the errors that we speak about it doesn’t mean that you don’t have bad sectors on your hard disk. For your safety and lack of concern it is better that once in a while to run a Scandisk or another application that identifies the bad sectors. Conclusion: we can never say that we don’t have bad sectors until we check with a license application specially designed to find those problems.

Every plane of the hard disk has the both writable sides on to a number of tracks and every track is divided on sectors. The planes are adjusted perfectly and the 0 track from plane 1 can be exactly over the 0 track of plain 2 and 3. To gain access to any track on one of the plains the arm that sustains the reading head will move to that specific track. Because this method requires only one moving part in to the hard disk simplifies the working method and there are cheaper hard disks. But it is a major disadvantage because if we want to access certain information all of the reading heads will be moved in that direction and if the hard disk is required more information per minute it will be unable to fulfill our request and then the risk of errors increase very much and the logical errors appear.
Structural errors This type of errors appears on the allocation table of files and folders. The most know error that happens to every one of us (we are sure that every body has encountered the problem but they didn’t know what is it) is the information about the available space on our hard disk. We all know that in time the working status of the hard disk can create a few problems. Actually the physically space on the hard drive is divided on blocks and if a certain area is affected then the entire block become unstable. Let’s say that you are saving something on you hard disk just in the same place where a bad block is. When you write it may not give you a warning about the bad block and continue but when you will try to access the information or to copy it you will get the an error message because the head readers are understanding other information then the previous that was written on it.The computer does not know what was previous written there but you can verifies throw a control key if the initial data that where written are debased. Practically the entire program that was installed becomes unstable. A hard disk has thousands of blocks, so a few bad blocks don’t mean anything. But you must know that once the bad blocks appear on a hard disk their tendencies are to multiple. You can still use your hard disk for a long period of time whit the condition to identify the bad blocks, mark them, and in that way you will indicate to the hard disk to avoid that portion for the writing process. You can do the indication process by using a physically scan. This will take some time because every block is tested by writing some information on it and then red them to see the condition of the block and if the information is correctly returned. The time that you need to this operation is directly proportional whit the size of your hard disk and it is recommended to do it once a year or when reading problems appear on your hard disk. In a conclusion the bad blocks are parts of your hard disk that can not be used anymore because that part of the platens is destroyed. The bad blocks are unfortunate parts of our hard disk that can create errors and destroys the right functionality of our programs. There are some files that will help the bad blocks to multiply such us movie files or a single file that are larger then 300 megabits. Those files are written from one sequent and if there are written over an already created bad block the entire file can not be read but also increase the chance when we try to run it, to create a bad block on the correct blocks on the platens.

Why the bad sectors appear? That is a very debate problem as the engineers are struggling to explain it. But some general ideas of why the bad blocks appear to the hard disk have every person that has this problem. The reasons that they appear are explained in long forums discussions and also explained in the specialty magazines.
Let’s begin by telling you some generals reasons for which bad sectors appears:- the reading heads are sustaining them self over the platens for that little distance whit the help of the air flow that creates from the high rotation of the platens; when the platens are stopped the air flow disappears and the reading head are gently touch the surface of the platens whit no risk for the hard drive. However, if the reading heads are touching themselves on a high speed that will create a disaster for the hard drive and also the bad sectors appear.
- another factor that can create bad sectors on your hard drive is the mechanical shocks. Hit the hard drive or accidentally drop it from your hand increase the apparition of the bad sectors. Also if the mechanical shock must not be applied directly to the hard drive and still creates bad sectors, for an example lets say that your entire tower case drops from the support. In the mechanical sector we must include the vibration. If you have the tower case of your computer opened and the hard drive is running, if you move it from its place or lean it from one side to another can also increase the chances of the creation of the bad sectors. The hard drive can sustain vibration by only a couple of grams and if you drop your hard disk on the floor consider yourself lucky if you don’t get some multiple bad sectors.
- heat can create bad sectors; inside your hard disk the platens are moving with speeds between 4400 rpm to 15000 rpm. Because of this speeds the hard disk is producing a very important quantity of heat and does not eliminate very much of it throw a standard cooling system on the computers. Is you notice that the hard drive is very hot when working you can consider installing an additional cooling fan especially for the hard disk. So the high temperatures can make some components of the hard disk not to work properly and so it leads to the apparition of bad sectors.
- the mechanical and electronic parts of the hard disk can create bad sectors if they malfunction. Most of you already know that the hard disk has a board full whit electronic piece. If some of those transistors or coils are not working in normal parameters and dos not transmits the right information or the right induction currents that where meant to be it can lead to a malfunction of the reading heads and so to the creation of the bad sectors.
- the demagnetization of the hard disk platens can also create bad sectors. The demagnetization can appear because of the cheap quality offered from the manufacturers or because of the head slap. If the hard drive is accidentally hit some particles on the reading heads can detach from them and creating a small and fine dust that will remain on the platens and when the reading heads are returning to that sector to perform a different action it will be stopped by that dust. You can already understand that the spot where the dust is already is transformed to bad sectors.
- one factor that was creating more hard disk bad sector then no other (that of course if we look in past, for the actually hard disk that are on the market is no longer available) is the power clinch. The newer hard disk has safety pieces to prevent damage from the clinch but is not always working for all of the hard disks.

From 5 megabytes to 1 terabit. That’s the story of the progression of the hard disks that was reach in only 20 years. The hard disks are always remarketed when some problems appears at them. Older hard disks, newer hard disk there was always a common problem that it is not solve even today with al of the technology and that problem is bad sectors. The older hard disk where more exposed to the apparition of bad sectors because of many factors, and that factors where eliminated on the way of progress. In the factors area the common problem was the big size of the hard disks. A bigger case that protects the hard disk means more protection from eliminating the heat that is generated from the moving parts. This heat can only create bad sectors. Actually the case of the hard drive was actually so big and they reach a weight of even 3-4 kilograms. The new hard disks are protected from the heat problem because they have safety measures for this problem and the risk of apparition of bad sectors because of the heat was minimize but not eliminated. The new hard disks have safety measures when the computer is being shutting down. That only ensure a better ergonomic function of it, and the risk of apparition of bad sector when the computer stops is also at a minimum level; the older hard disk did not have the protection system for the off line mode and when the computer stops the hard disk also stops because of the lack of power. Shorter said when we cut down the power the reading heads are dropped exactly where they ware and so the apparition of bad sectors increases. But an advantage did appear at the oldest hard disks and that is the speed of platens (rpm); even if they have a very reduce capacity 600 megabits to 3 gigabits the rotation per minute was smaller and that decreases the chance that two of the reading heads to hit each other (then the speed was at a maximum 3400 rpm) so decreasing the bad sectors apparition. In our days the high performance hard disk of 1 terabits are reaching speeds of 10400 rpm, a tremendous speed but with that speed also cams the risk of the bad blocks. If we can speak of another difference between the old hard disks bad block and the bad blocks of the new ones that surely must be the functions that each other is completing. A older disk model has very few functions but that is not the aspect that we are interested of but the fact that the less function it has the smaller chances that those parts to malfunction. In the new generation the hard disks have all kinds of option and function but if one of them stops working can easily lead to the creation of the bad sectors. To understand better the chances to broke one function from ten are smaller then to break one function from 50. Of course if we generalize the discussion the risk that the new hard disk to create bad sector is significantly smaller; otherwise the older hard disks where more predicted to create bad sectors. But bad sectors remained bad sector even in the apparition of the hard disk and even today we can minimize the risk of their apparition not entirely eliminate. In the end we can say that in the past the bad sectors where created easier then in our time but still bad sectors remains.

HDD Regenerator is one of the programs that quarantines the repair of bad sectors and the technology was developed Dmitriy Primochenko. It has a huge data base of the hard disk even if they are old or new and will identify your hard disk for sure. The most important thing is that it not only repairs the bad sector that is on your hard disk but also recovers the data that was previous write there. more…
Flobo HDD Repair – Is a very generous program when we speak about tools. It includes a bad sector restoration tool, it can test your hard disk speed, test your SMART information, can perform surface test for the stability of the hard disk and also can test the controller data transmission if that is working properly. And the most important aspect of Flobo is that it includes a DDB ad Sector Repair. more…
Disk Repair has the property to repair and remove in a physical way bad sectors. It also can repair a vital part of the hard disk that is called Track 0. The importance of this track is that here all of the main programs like Windows of Linux or Unix etc. are installing there main configuration in that area of the hard disk. And we must remember that once the bad sectors appear they spread very fast. more…
ADRC Data Recovery Tools v1.0 have a special attention for the DIY to repair and re-used the data that where written. It can support a variety of drivers and all of the file systems: (FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS) for Windows 95/ 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows 2003 server. more…
THE HARD DRIVE MECHANIC is a program for crash data that creates the bad sectors. This program can analyze the data that created the bad blocks, fix the bad blocks, and also can remove the data that create this problem. But the disadvantage of it is that in only works for FAT32 and NTFS hard drives. more…
Partition Table Doctor creates an option for you that permits the identification of the bad sectors repairs them and also verifies the hard disk identification. The boot sectors can be also repair and the best option that you can have with this program is that in 30 days if you are not satisfied by it you will get your money back. more…
Disk Patch Partition Repair is an old style repairer for the bad blocks. It operates in DOS but even if is still in old style menu the chances increases to get ride of your bad blocks. The program can repair even a mass data lost (when a partition is totally lost) and can create a MBR, Partition Tables and LDM. more…

Let’s try to explain the question that grinds us all when in cams about the hard disk. Can we actually repair a bad block? Before of the answer you must find some information about what is a hard disk, how does it work, what are bad blocks. After that you must identify them because you will need the exact location of the affected sectors. After you have done that you must run a few steps:
- before you try to resolve the problem with the bad sector you must extract the data that was written to that block. To do this you must run a Recovery program that you can find freeware on the net. - bad sectors are unreadable parts on your hard disk but the nature of them must not be always physically and that part of the platens to be destroyed. The bad sectors can be simulated by some programs. This means that some programs installed on your computer can interrupt the reading process on to another segment of the platens. That is in the most happier cases but the chances that the bad sectors are cause by this is less then 10 percent. In this case is difficult to resolve the problem because even the Scandisk or other identification programs used to discover bad blocks will give a rapport that nothing is wrong with your hard disk. The best way is to uninstall the latest programs applied to the computer. - lets supposed that you have a 20 gigabits partition on your hard disk that has bad blocks. After the identification program it will indicate you where are the blocks situated on the partition. So this way you can isolate them in to another partition that you must never use again. Another scenario can be created and the bad sectors can be at the beginning of the partition in the middle of it and at the end of the partition. Know it’s a little bit tricky because you can’t just go on and create three new partitions to eliminate the bad sectors from use. In this case most of the new hard disk has a spare space available just for this type of scenarios. You must access the CASH memory of the hard disk and indicates to the hard disk that instead of writing down on the effected blocks it must write to the spare blocks. - another to restore the hard disk is to use the low level format option. Many of you think that low level format is a program. Wrong, the low level format option is set for any BIOS and can be easily use if you know some command line programming. The low level format can take to be complete a very long period of time but in the most cases we can obtain marvelous results. Actually the low level option takes every cluster of the hard disk and identifies them again (throw a thermal process) and writes down on the memory of the hard disk what sectors can be written and witch blocks are un-writable. This procedure is the best that can be because it will need no effort from your side to try and avoid the bad blocks that already exists and the hard disk itself know where the bad blocks are. In conclusion the bad blocks can’t be fixed. The problem is a permanent one and we can only try to use the hard disk until it is broken down for good. But if you are having financial problem this is a best way to keep going with your old hard disk.